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Oleaceae Hoffmannsegg & Link
Common name: Olive Family.
Number of genera: 23 genera.
Number of species (Mabberley 1997): 900 species.
Disseminule type: Fruit (dehisced), or fruit (intact or entire), or incomplete fruit with epicarp and mesocarp absent and endocarp exposed, or seed.
Division: Angiosperm.
Class: Magnoliopsida.
Fruits: Pistil(s) compound; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels united. Fruit pericarpium; simple, or schizocarp; drupe, or capsule, or samara; baccarium (Spjut 6 families: Apocynaceae, Oleaceae, Phytolaccaceae, Sapindaceae, Saururaceae, Tropaeolaceae); loculicidal capsule, or pyxidium capsule; capsule not inflated; capsule without operculum; berry dehiscent (Ligustrum sempervirens (Franch.) Lingelsh. upon drying & then tardily); without persistent central column; with styles(s); at apex; not within accessory organ(s); 1-seeded to more than 1 but less than 10-seeded; 1–4-seeded; with 1–2-carpellate; with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; with carpels not radiating at maturity; with carpels remaining connected at style; without sterile carpels; not sulcate; in transection terete; apex not beaked; dehiscent, or indehiscent. Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent regularly; actively; elastically; and shedding seeds; without replum. Epicarp black, or blue; durable; glabrous; without armature; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp present, or absent; fleshy; composed of 1 unified layer; without lactiform cavity system. Endocarp present, or absent; not separating from exocarp; fibrous, or hard, or thin; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; stone unilocular; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds: Aril absent. Seed not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without
winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves, or
without apparent food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta
absent. Testa present; without markedly different marginal tissue; without
fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; without crease or line
separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where
cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands;
without bristles; glabrous; without wings, or with wing(s); 1-winged; with wing
encompassing seed, or wing at one end; with wing(s) solid; with solid wing(s)
similar to testa; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome;
coriaceous; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding embryo, or
surrounding food reserve. Raphe conspicuous, or inconspicuous. Endosperm
development cellular; copious; sub hard, or fleshy; smooth; without starch; with
oils; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without
chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor. Embryo
differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; completely filling
testa (no food reserve), or partially filling testa (with food reserve), or
nearly filling testa (trace or scanty food reserve); chamber apical to wing, or
central to wings; 0.1–1 times the length of food reserve; at one end of
seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric; foliate, or
linear; with spatulate cotyledons; unknown, but listed as "or rudimentary";
straight; parallel to seed length; embedded in endosperm; with cotyledons
abruptly connected to hypocotyl-radicle, or gradually connected to
hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not
green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; well developed; 0.2–0.9
times length of embryo; as wide as hypocotyl-radicle, or somewhat to
significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle; 1–6 times wider than
hypocotyl-radicle; foliaceous, or not foliaceous; thin to thick; flat, or
controtiplicate (Schrebera sp.); smooth; with apices entire; with margins
separate; basally cordate; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle
small to well developed; straight; not thickened.
 "Fraxinus americana L.: fruit.")
 "Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.: fruit.")
 "Olea europaea L.: fruit.")
 "Olea europaea L.: fruit with exocarp removed.")
 "Fraxinus americana L.: seed.")
 "Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.: seeds.")
 "Olea europaea L.: seed.")
General distribution: Cosmopolitan. New World and Old World.
 "Chionanthus virginicus L.: embryo.")
 "Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall: embryo.")
 "Ligustrum sinense Lour.: embryo.")
 "Menodora scabra A. Gray: embryo.")
 "Olea europaea L.: embryo.")
 "Syringa vulgaris L.: embryo.")
Detailed distribution: North America to Oceania.
Notes: Lawrence & Green (1993): Dehiscent berries also occur in Myristicaceae, Cactaceae, Areaceae. [These four families have been so scored.] Mabberley: Oleoideae - Fraxineae (fruit samara); Oleeae (fruit drupe or berry or 2-locule capsule; Jasminoideae - Jasmineae (fruit capsule or berry); Fontanesieae (fruit indehiscent compressed with surrounding ring); Forsythieae (fruit tough capsule or indehiscent compressed with surrounding ring); Myxopyreae (fruit fleshy).
Noxious weeds: No USA noxious weeds listed for this family.
Familial synonyms:, Bolivariaceae Griseb., Forestieraceae Endl., Fraxinaceae Vest, Jasminaceae Adans., Lilacaceae Vent., Syringaceae Horan. ,
Accepted Genera: Abeliophyllum Nakai, Chionanthus L. , Comoranthus Knobl., Fontanesia Labill., Forestiera Poir., nom. cons., Forsythia Vahl, nom. cons., Fraxinus L., Haenianthus Griseb., Hesperelaea A. Gray, Jasminum L., Ligustrum L., Menodora Bonpl., Myxopyrum Blume, Nestegis Raf., Noronhia Stadtm. ex Thouars, Notelaea Vent., Olea L., Osmanthus Lour., Phillyrea L., Picconia A. DC., Priogymnanthus P. S. Green, Schrebera Roxb., nom. cons., Syringa L. , Tessarandra Miers
Literature specific to this family: Lawrence, T.J. & P.S. Green. 1993. The anatomy of a dehiscent berry. Kew Bull. 48:53–57.
General references: Baillon, H.E. 1866–95. Histoire des plantes, 13 vols. Hachette & Co., Paris, Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of Dicots, esp. vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) & 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) & 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, & J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 & amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, LeMaout, E. & J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, & Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Martin, A.C. 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 36:513–660, Schopmeyer, C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450:1–883, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182, and Wood, C.E., Jr. 1974. A student's atlas of flowering plants: Some dicotyledons of eastern North America, 120 pp. Harper & Row, New York.
Suggested citation: Kirkbride, J.H., Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2006. Family Guide for Fruits and Seeds, vers. 1.0. URL: http://nt.ars-grin.gov/sbmlweb/OnlineResources/frsdfam/Index.cfm. Accessed November 21, 2009.
Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory
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