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Septoria on Passiflora spp.
Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Three species of Septoria are reported as occurring on Passiflora species:Septoria fructigena Berk. & M.A. Curt. 1874, Septoria passiflorae Syd. 1939, and Septoria passifloricola Punith. 1980.S. passiflorae Syd. and S. passifloricola Punith. can be easily distinguished on the basis of conidial length.S. passiflorae Syd. has conidia 35-52 x 1.5-2 μm while S. passifloricola has conidia 14-22 x 1.5-2 (-2.5) μm.The initial description of S. fructigena was quite brief; conidia were described as 33 μm long (as 0.0013 inches) with no size range provided.Batista and Peres (1965) redescribed S. fructigena based on a Brazilian collection, reporting conidial lengths of 13-35 x 1-2 μm, a size range with considerable overlap with S. passifloricola.Doidge (1950) examined the type specimen of S. passifloricola (as S. passiflorae Louw) and concluded that it was identical to S. fructigena.Nevertheless, subsequent authors have continued to treat S. passifloricola and S. fructigena as distinct species.Settling the question of whether these two are distinct would require a careful examination of the type specimens and possibly a molecular analysis of DNA sequence information.
The existence of homonyms has led to some potential confusion for these species of Septoria on Passiflora.Sydow described a Septoria on Passiflora mollissima in Ecuador in 1939, giving it the name Septoria passiflorae Syd. 1939.In 1941, Louw inadvertently created an illegitimate later homonym, giving the same name to a Septoria found on Passiflora edulis and Passiflora quitensis in South Africa, Septoria passiflorae Louw 1941 non Syd. 1939.Septoria passiflorae Louw non Syd. is confirmed as having caused a serious epidemic in 1938-1939 in South Africa (Punithalingam 1980).
Until 1980, Sydow’s earlier name appeared to have been largely forgotten, while host indices commonly cited S. passiflorae Louw (e.g., Huguenin 1966, Nattrass 1961, Pennycook 1989, Simmonds 1966, Urtiaga 1986, 2004, Whiteside 1966).Punithalingam published the name Septoria passifloricola in 1980, as a replacement for the illegitimate S. passiflorae Louw non Syd., and therefore S. passifloricola is the current accepted name for the Septoria from South Africa.
Geographic Distribution and Host Range of Septoria spp. on Passiflora
Trujillo et al. (1994) obtained an isolate on Passiflora tripartita var. tripartita (banana poka) from Colombia that they identified as S. passiflorae Syd. based on conidial dimensions.In pathogenicity tests, of the seven Passiflora species inoculated, only P. tripartita var. tripartita and P. foetida were susceptible, while P. laurifolia, P. ligularis, P. suberosa, P. edulis, and P. edulis f. flavicarpa were not infected.The authors did not test Passiflora spp. not known to occur in Hawaii, so the full host range has not yet been fully determined.The S. passiflorae Syd. isolate from Colombia was introduced to Hawaii as a biocontrol agent, successfully resulting in 50-95% reductions in Passiflora tripartita var. tripartita biomass two years after inoculation (Trujillo et al. 2001).
The geographic distribution and host range of S. passiflorae Syd. must be interpreted with caution due to the potential for confusion with the homonym S. passiflorae Louw (= S. passifloricola).Of literature reports in the SBML fungus-host database, only reports from Colombia (Wellman 1977, Trujillo et al. 1994) and Hawaii (Trujillo et al. 2001) are confirmed.Other reports in the SBML database under the name S. passiflorae actually refer to S. passiflorae Louw.No author names were given to distinguish between the homonyms in the reports from Brazil (Mendes et al. 1998) and Florida (Miller 1991), but these fungus host indices presumably refer to S. passiflorae Louw because the host is Passiflora edulis, which is reportedly not susceptible to S. passiflorae Syd (Trujillo et al. 1994).
According to Punithalingam (1980), S. passifloricola occurs on Passiflora brasiliensis ( = P. alata), P. edulis, P. macrocarpa, P. quadrangularis, and P. quitensis, in several African countries, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Trinidad, and Venezuela.As explained above, reports from Brazil (Mendes et al. 1998) and Florida (Miller 1991) may also refer to S. passifloricola (as S. passiflorae, authority not provided).
Septoria fructigena was initially reported on fruits of a Passiflora sp. in South Carolina (Berkeley 1874).It has a host range similar to that of S. passifloricola, occurring on P. edulis, P. quadrangularis, and P. quitensis.It has also been reported from Haiti (Benjamin & Slot 1969), Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (Stevenson 1975), South Africa (Doidge 1950, Gorter 1977, Crous et al. 2000), and Brazil (Batista & Peres 1965, Mendes et al. 1998).In addition, the U.S. National Fungus Collections contain a specimen from Ethiopia (Farr et al. n.d.).
Nomenclature Reports
Septoria passiflorae Syd. 1939 (Ascomycetes, Mycosphaerellales)
Notes: Not the illegitimate later homonym Septoria passiflorae Louw 1941 = Septoria passifloricola.
Distribution: Central America (Colombia, Wellman 1977), South America (Ecuador, Sydow 1939). Introduced to North America (USA: HI) as a biocontrol agent (Trujillo et al. 2001). Other reports may refer to Septoria passiflorae Louw = Septoria passifloricola.
Substrate: Leaves. Reports on fruit, flowers and stems may refer to Septoria passiflorae Louw = Septoria passifloricola.
Disease Note: Used in biocontrol of Passiflora tripartita (banana poka) in Hawaii (Trujillo et al. 2001).
Host: S. passiflorae Syd. was restricted to Passiflora tripartita var. tripartita and P. foetida, and was not capable of infecting Passiflora edulis and other Passiflora spp. in inoculation studies (Trujillo et al. 1994). Reports on other hosts may refer to Septoria passiflorae Louw = Septoria passifloricola.
Supporting Literature:
Sydow, H. 1939. Fungi Aequatoriensis (Series prima). Ann. Mycol. 37: 275-438.
Trujillo, E.E., Kadooka, C.Y., Tanimoto, V., Bergfeld, S., Shishido, G., and Kawakami, G. 2001. Effective biomass reduction of the invasive weed species bana poka by septoria leaf spot. Pl. Dis. 85: 357-361.
Trujillo, E.E., Norman, D.J., and Killgore, E.M. 1994. Septoria leaf spot, a potential biological control for banana poka vine in forests of Hawaii. Pl. Dis. 78: 883-885.
Wellman, F.L. 1977. Dictionary of tropical American crops and their diseases. Scarecrow Press, Inc., Metuchen, NJ, 495 pages.
Updated on May 18, 2006
Septoria passifloricola Punith. 1980 (Ascomycetes, Mycosphaerellales)
[= Septoria passiflorae Louw 1941 - illegitimate later homonym, not included in search] Note: Illegitimate later homonym of Septoria passiflorae Syd. 1939.
Notes: Doidge (1950) considered Septoria passiflorae Louw (=Septoria passifloricola Punith. 1980) to be a synonym of Septoria fructigena, based on examination of the type specimen. However, Priest (2006) suggested that Septoria fructigena is a Phomopsis sp. because Mason, the worker who advised Doidge to list Septoria fructigena as a synonym, reexamined the type in 1954 and found it to be a different fungus.
Distribution: Africa, Australia, Caribbean (Trinidad), New Zealand, South America (Venezuela) (Punithalingam 1980). Reports under the name Septoria passiflorae may refer to S. passiflorae Syd.
Substrate: Leaf, blossom, fruit, stem.
Disease Note: Leaf, blossom, fruit, and stem spot. Responsible for a major epidemic in South Africa 1938-1939 (Punithalingam 1980).
Host: Passiflora spp. (Passifloraceae).
Supporting Literature:
Doidge, E.M. 1950. The South African fungi and lichens to the end of 1945. Bothalia 5: 1-1094.
Punithalingam, E. 1980. Septoria passifloricola. C.M.I. Descr. Pathog. Fungi Bact. 670: 1-2.
Updated on Mar 04, 2008
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Septoria passifloricola Punith. 1980 (Ascomycetes, Mycosphaerellales)
[= Septoria passiflorae Louw 1941 - illegitimate later homonym, not included in search] Note: Illegitimate later homonym of Septoria passiflorae Syd. 1939.
Notes: Doidge (1950) considered Septoria passiflorae Louw (=Septoria passifloricola Punith. 1980) to be a synonym of Septoria fructigena, based on examination of the type specimen. However, Priest (2006) suggested that Septoria fructigena is a Phomopsis sp. because Mason, the worker who advised Doidge to list Septoria fructigena as a synonym, reexamined the type in 1954 and found it to be a different fungus.
Distribution: Africa, Australia, Caribbean (Trinidad), New Zealand, South America (Venezuela) (Punithalingam 1980). Reports under the name Septoria passiflorae may refer to S. passiflorae Syd.
Substrate: Leaf, blossom, fruit, stem.
Disease Note: Leaf, blossom, fruit, and stem spot. Responsible for a major epidemic in South Africa 1938-1939 (Punithalingam 1980).
Host: Passiflora spp. (Passifloraceae).
Supporting Literature:
Doidge, E.M. 1950. The South African fungi and lichens to the end of 1945. Bothalia 5: 1-1094.
Punithalingam, E. 1980. Septoria passifloricola. C.M.I. Descr. Pathog. Fungi Bact. 670: 1-2.
Updated on Mar 04, 2008
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Septoria fructigena Berk. & M.A. Curtis 1874 (Ascomycetes, Mycosphaerellales)
Notes: Doidge (1950) considered Septoria passiflorae Louw (=Septoria passifloricola Punith. 1980) to be a synonym of Septoria fructigena, based on examination of the type specimen. However, Priest (2006) suggested that Septoria fructigena is a Phomopsis sp. because Mason, the worker who advised Doidge to list Septoria fructigena as a synonym, reexamined the type in 1954 and found it to be a different fungus. The type needs to be reexamined.
Distribution: North America (USA: SC, type). Caribbean Islands, South America (Brazil), Africa (South Africa). The SBML herbarium also contains a specimen from Ethiopia.
Substrate: Leaves, fruits.
Disease Note: Leaf spot, fruit spot.
Host: Passiflora species (Passifloraceae).
Supporting Literature:
Doidge, E.M. 1950. The South African fungi and lichens to the end of 1945. Bothalia 5: 1-1094.
Updated on Mar 04, 2008
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Additional References:
Batista, A.C., and Peres, G.E.P. 1965. Camarosporium Schulz, Coniothyrium Corda e Septoria Sacc. spp. estudadas no imur. Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 25: 144-160
Benjamin, C.R., and Slot, A. 1969. Fungi of Haiti. Sydowia 23: 125-163
Berkeley.1874.Notices of North American Fungi.Grevillea 3: 10.
Crous, P.W., Phillips, A.J.L., and Baxter, A.P. 2000. Phytopathogenic Fungi from South Africa. University of Stellenbosch, Department of Plant Pathology Press, 358 pages.
Farr, D.F., Rossman, A.Y., Palm, M.E., & McCray, E.B. (n.d.) Fungal Databases, Systematic Botany & Mycology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved May 19, 2006, from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/
Gorter, G.J.M.A. 1977. Index of plant pathogens and the diseases they cause in cultivated plants in South Africa. Republic South Africa Dept. Agric. Techn. Serv. Pl. Protect. Res. Inst. Sci. Bull. 392: 1-177
Huguenin, B. 1966. Micromycetes de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Ser. Biol. 1: 61-91.
Mendes, M.A.S., da Silva, V.L., Dianese, J.C., and et al. 1998. Fungos em Plants no Brasil. Embrapa-SPI/Embrapa-Cenargen, Brasilia, 555 pages.
Miller, J.W. 1991. Bureau of Plant Pathology. Tri-ology Techn. Rep. Div. Pl. Indust., Florida 30(6): 8-9.
Nattrass, R.M. 1961. Host lists of Kenya fungi and bacteria. Mycol. Pap. 81: 1-46.
Norman, D.J., and Trujillo, E.E. 1995. Development of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. clidemiae and Septoria passiflorae into two mycoherbicides with extended viability. Pl. Dis. 79: 1029-1032.
Pennycook, S.R. 1989. Plant diseases recorded in New Zealand. 3 Vol. Pl. Dis. Div., D.S.I.R., Auckland.
Simmonds, J.H. 1966. Host index of plant diseases in Queensland. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane, 111 pages.
Stevenson, J.A. 1975. Fungi of Puerto Rico and the American Virgin Islands. Contr. Reed Herb. 23: 743
Urtiaga, R. 1986. Indice de enfermedades en plantas de Venezuela y Cuba. Unknown journal or publisher, 202 pages.
Urtiaga, R. 2004. Indice de enfermedades en plantas de Venezuela y Cuba, Second Edition: 301 pages.
Whiteside, J.O. 1966. A revised list of plant diseases in Rhodesia. Kirkia 5: 87-196.
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Written by Erica Cline, 2006
Suggested citation: Cline, E. Septoria on Passiflora. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved November 21, 2009, from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/sbmlweb/OnlineResources/FungiOnline.cfm .
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